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It was a Merovingian capital in the 5th cent. and became the national capital with the accession (987) of Hugh Capet, Count of Paris.

It florished as the centre of medieval commerce and Scholasticism but suffered severely during the Hundred Years War.

Paris consistently displayed a rebellious and independent spirit, as in its resistance to Henry IV (1589-93); the first Fronde (1648-49); the revolutions of 1789, 1830, and 1848; and the Commune de Paris (1871).

During World War II it was occupied (1940-44) by the Germans but was relatively undamaged.